Hospitality Recreation and Tourism Test Question Review Chapter 2

Main Body

Chapter 5. Recreation

Don Webster

• Differentiate betwixt recreation, outdoor recreation, adventure tourism, and nature-based tourism
• Describe the significance, size, and economic contribution of this sector to the overall tourism industry in BC
• Identify fundamental industry organizations in recreation, outdoor recreation, and adventure tourism
• Classify different subsectors of recreation, outdoor recreation, and take a chance tourism
• Recognize the unique challenges facing recreation, outdoor recreation, and adventure tourism in BC

Overview

In this chapter, nosotros talk over the concept of recreation in tourism and hospitality. Recreation can be divers as the pursuit of leisure activities during one's spare time (Tribe, 2011) and can include vastly different activities such as golfing, sport fishing, and rock climbing. Defining recreation as it pertains to tourism, nevertheless, is more than challenging.

Figure 5.1 Climbers in Squamish, BC

Let's start by exploring some recreation-based terms that are common in the tourism industry.Outdoor recreation tin can be defined equally "outdoor activities that take place in a natural setting, as opposed to a highly cultivated or managed landscape such as a playing field or golf form" (Tourism BC, 2013, p. 47).  This term is typically applied to outdoor activities that individuals engage in and that are located close to their community. When these activities are further away, and people must travel some altitude to participate in them, they are often described as adventure tourism.

According to the United Nations World Tourism Arrangement (UNWTO), hazard tourism is "a trip that includes at least 2 of the following three elements: physical activity, natural environment, and cultural immersion" (UNWTO, 2014, p.12).  Examples of chance tourism in BC include river rafting, helicopter skiing, and stone climbing.

Take a Closer Look: UNWTO Global Report

The Global Report on Adventure Tourism by UNWTO offers an in-depth analysis of the global adventure travel sector. It can exist constitute at http://affiliatemembers.unwto.org/publication/global-study-chance-tourism

Adventure tourism can be "soft" or "hard." Differentiating between the two is somewhat subjective, just is loosely based on the level of experience required, the level of fitness required, and the caste to which the participant is exposed to run a risk (UNWTO, 2014).  Examples of soft take chances include wild animals viewing or moderate hiking, whereas river rafting or rock climbing would unremarkably exist considered hard take chances.

Another term that is used, one that overlaps with the definitions of outdoor recreation and take a chance tourism, isnature-based tourism, which refers to "those tourism experiences that are straight or indirectly dependent on the natural environment" (Tourism BC, 2005b, p.6).  This term is oftentimes used to describe activities that are closely connected to nature, such as whale watching, birding, or self-propelled travel such as hiking and kayaking.

Every bit you can see, in that location are challenges in classifying recreation in tourism. For instance, if people kayak near their dwelling or community, it may be considered outdoor recreation. If they travel afar for that same activity, it likely is designated every bit run a risk tourism. If the kayaking is done in protected, mild conditions, it would be considered soft adventure, only if done in a challenging and risky river descent, it may be classified as hard take chances.

Of course, each of the above scenarios of kayaking could be considered nature-based tourism if it is strongly linked to the natural environs. Ultimately, categorization is based on a combination of several factors, including mode of appointment in the activity (risk exposure, experience requirement, grouping or solo activity), the distance travelled to access the activeness, and the type of surround (proximity to nature, level of challenge involved) that that the activity occurs in.

A 2013 gamble tourism market study discovered that people who travel for adventure experiences tend to be well-educated, with 48% holding a four-twelvemonth degree or higher credential. They value natural beauty and rank this as the highest gene when choosing a destination, and the virtually cited reasons for their travel are relaxation "relaxation, exploring new places, fourth dimension with family, and learning about dissimilar cultures" (UNWTO, 2014, p.15).

Globally, information technology is estimated that the continents of Europe, Due north America, and S America account for 69% of adventure tourism, or US$263 billion in adventure travel spending. Adventure tourists tend to be seen as high-value visitors, with as much of 70% of their expenditures remaining in the communities visited (UNWTO, 2014).

The size, extent, and economic contribution of recreation, outdoor recreation, and adventure tourism in British Columbia is also substantial. The rest of this chapter explores the sector in the province in more item.

Recreation and Chance Tourism in BC

Studies have shown that nearly all residents of BC partake in some kind of outdoor recreation activeness during whatever given year. Approximately 85% of those participants signal that these recreational activities were very important to them (Tourism BC, 2013).

Spotlight On: Outdoor Recreation Council of BC

The Outdoor Recreation Council of BC (ORC) describes itself equally "promoting access to and responsible employ of BC'due south public lands and waters for public outdoor recreation" (Outdoor Recreation Quango of BC, 2014). The Quango promotes the benefits of outdoor recreation, represents the customs to government and the full general public, advocates and educates about responsible land use, provides a forum for exchanging information, and connects different outdoor recreation groups. For more data, visit the Outdoor Recreation Quango of BC website: http://orcbc.ca

Effigy 5.2 Joffre Lake Provincial Park, where take chances tourists access secluded camping ground spots by carrying (or boating) in their gear

Information technology is estimated that there are approximately 2,200 outdoor/hazard tourism operators in BC. In 2001, this accounted for 21,000 jobs and $556 million in direct wages. The concluding sector-wide report in 2005 estimated that business organisation revenues in outdoor adventure tourism accounted for approximately $854 one thousand thousand in annual business revenues (Tourism BC, 2013). Given the growth of adventure tourism over the last decade, information technology is likely these numbers have risen.

Additionally, in the electric current five-twelvemonth provincial tourism strategy, entitled Gaining the Edge, outdoor/gamble tourism is indicated equally one of 6 cardinal areas targeted for growth (British Columbia Ministry building of Jobs, Tourism and Innovation, 2012). This government support, combined with the rapid growth of the outdoor and adventure tourism manufacture, point to a potent futurity for this sector.

Take a Closer Await: Outdoor Adventure Sector Contour

Outdoor Adventure: Tourism Sector Profile, a written report produced by Destination BC, includes information on the size, type, and characteristics of tourism companies in this sector. Also included is market demand for these activities and future challenges the sector faces. Y'all can discover the report at Outdoor Tourism Sector Contour [PDF]: http://world wide web.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Research/Inquiry-by-Activity/All-Sector-Profiles/Outdoor-Adventure-Sector-Profile,-May-2014/Tourism-Sector-Profile_OutdoorAdventure_May2014.pdf.aspx

This section covers two key types of recreation and tourism, with a focus on British Columbia:

1. Land-based recreation and tourism
2. Water-based recreation and tourism

It's not possible to detail all the recreational activities available in BC, but past the end of this section, you will accept an understanding of the key unique activities available in the province.

Land-Based Recreation and Tourism

Golf Courses and Resorts

A 2009 economical impact study found that more six million Canadians participate in the game of golf each year, making this sport the number ane outdoor recreational activity in Canada based on participation. Golf game likewise directly employs more than 155,000 people and contributes more than $11 billion directly to Canada'south gdp. BC has over 300 golf form facilities, and with over $2 billion annually in direct economic activeness, the golfing industry in the province is the fourth largest in Canada (Strategic Networks Inc., 2009).

Golf is a pregnant tourism attraction in BC; in 2007 the province was chosen as the "Best Golf game Course Destination in North America" past the International Association of Golf Bout Operators (Destination BC, 2014c).  Part of the draw is the diverse environment; golfers tin choose from lush coastal forests to desert environments, and many courses have a viewscape of mountains or the ocean.

A 2006 written report past the Canadian Tourism Commission (CTC) detailed both demographic and economic factors related to the Canadian golf manufacture. Significant findings included that there were more than than three.4 one thousand thousand golf game travellers in Canada annually, and that of those travellers, approximately 34% travelled to BC. In addition, the Canadian golf game participation rate (for the full Canadian population) was 21.v%, which is amid the highest golf participation rates of any state in the world. Golfing provides an opportunity to attract pregnant tourism revenue equally the average golf traveller has a much college than average income level, with up to 50% of all golf travellers earning $100,000 or more than per annum (Tourism BC, 2009b).

Spotlight On: British Columbia Golf Marketing Brotherhood

The British Columbia Golf Marketing Brotherhood is a strategic alliance that represents 58 regional and destination golf resorts in BC. The purpose of the alliance is to abound the game of golf in BC and achieve recognition nationally and internationally as a leading golf destination. The alliance supports and distributes information about enquiry, lobbying efforts, and golf game industry events. For more information, visit the Centrolineal Golf Association of BC website: http://aga-bc.org/committees/recreational-golf game-committee/

Mountain Resorts and Nordic Centres

Resorts in British Columbia range from smaller eco-lodges to large ski areas. Mountain resorts and nordic centres are function of the larger resort tourism sector, which in 2004 was valued at $1.9 billion (Tourism BC, 2011c).

Figure 5.3 A man stands set to ski down Blackcomb mount in Whistler, BC

Ski/Snowboard Mountain Resorts

BC'due south many earth-class facilities and high-quality snow atmospheric condition provide mass appeal for downhill skiing and snowboarding. Mount resorts in BC can be separated into two primary categories: destination resorts and regional resorts. Destination mountain resorts are often significantly larger and offer a greater range of civilities such every bit on mountain accommodation and nutrient services; they are also generally marketed to out-of-area and international visitors. Examples of a destination resort would include Whistler Blackcomb Ski Resort. On the other mitt, regional mountain resorts are usually smaller in size and capacity, have fewer amenities, and frequently cater more than directly to the local community (Tourism BC, 2011c) such as Whitewater Ski Resort in the Kootenay Rockies.

Spotlight On: Canada West Ski Areas Association

Ski areas in Western Canada (Alberta and BC) are represented past the Canada West Ski Areas Association (CWSAA), which has a diverse mandate that includes marketing, advancement, environmental stewardship, and run a risk management. For more information, visit the Canada Due west Ski Areas Association website: http://world wide web.cwsaa.org

The aggregate economic value of destination mountain resorts is significant; i study past Tourism BC establish that 13 of these resorts were responsible for generating approximately 1.1 billion in acquirement, or viii% of the full provincial tourism revenues in 2008. Additionally, they provided the equivalent of 14,267 full-time equivalent jobs (Tourism BC, 2011c). Furthermore, BC's top mountain resorts have received many prestigious awards (Tourism BC, 2011c, p. 11):

• Whistler Blackcomb has consistently been named the #1 ski resort in North America.
• In 2009, Sun Peaks was named 1 of the "Top 20 Ski Resorts in Northward America" by 
Condé Nast Traveler.
• Big White Ski Resort was recognized in 2009 every bit a "Top 5 Family Resort" by the United kingdom-based Sunday Times.

The publicity that these resorts receive has undoubtedly reflected positively on the rest of the BC tourism industry.

Spotlight On: "Ski Information technology to Believe It"

Destination BC offers a specific mountain resort marketing website for 13 destination resorts in BC called "Ski It to Believe It." The site features live updates on snowfall conditions, resort info, a map featuring all BC ski destinations, blogs, and dynamic content featuring visitors enjoying various skiing experiences including heli, cat, backcountry, and downhill skiing. For more information, visit the Ski It to Believe Information technology website: http://skiittobelieveit.com

Nordic Centres

Nordic skiing, also commonly known equally cross-country skiing, is a low-risk, low-touch on wintertime sport popular across Canada. Information technology differs from backcountry skiing in that participants ski on groomed trails typically maintained as part of an established facility (Cantankerous Land BC, n.d.).

Spotlight On: Whistler Sport Legacies

Leading up to the 2010 Winter Olympics held in Vancouver and Whistler, there was much debate about the need for a continuing legacy from the event. Whistler Sport Legacies is an instance of a recreational, tourism, and sport legacy that can sally out of a mega event such as the Olympics. For more information, visit the Whistler Sport Legacies website: http://world wide web.whistlersportlegacies.com

With more 50 cross-country ski centres across BC, and a season that ofttimes exceeds that of downhill skiing (November to May in many areas), the sport attracts big numbers of local and inbound recreation enthusiasts. Trail networks accept been adult in both stand-alone environments, as well equally in partnership with big mountain resorts such as Silver Star in Vernon, Sun Peaks in Kamloops, Cypress Mountain to a higher place Vancouver, and Rossland in the Kootenays. Many of these trail networks offering both groomed and track-set trails, a number are lit for night skiing.

Spotlight On: Silver Star's Sovereign Lake Nordic Centre

Located just outside Vernon, Sovereign Lake is Canada's largest daily groomed trail network that includes 105 kilometres of trails varying from dark-green (like shooting fish in a barrel) to blackness diamond (nigh hard); a further trail expansion is planned for 2015. For more information, visit Sovereign Lake'south website: http://www.sovereignlake.com

Backcountry Skiing and Snowboarding

Backcountry skiing and snowboarding offers a recreational activity in a wilderness setting, away from any established mountain resorts, lifts, or trails. BC is regarded as a world-class destination for backcountry access, and has recently seen considerable and sustained growth in this sector (Porteus, 2013). The motivator for pursuing this activity for nearly people is primarily the lure of fresh, untracked snow in a beautiful mount setting. Some backcountry skiers and snowboarders combine this action with helicopter or snowcat skiing.

Spotlight On: Backcountry Lodges Association of British Columbia

The Backcountry Lodges Association of British Columbia (BLABC) represents backcountry lodges in the province. Its consumer site features a notice-a-guild office, profiles for summer and winter lodges, the ability to check conditions in various backcountry areas, and consumer content including a blog and videos. For more data, visit the Backcountry Lodges Association of BC: www.backcountrylodgesofbc.com

Helicopter skiing transports skiers and snowboarders by helicopter to the backcountry. It is typically a professionally guided activity, with packages ranging in duration from a single day to weeks. The skiing/snowboarding is frequently packaged with a luxury lodge accommodation, gourmet meals, and access to spa treatments.

Heliskiing was pioneered in Canada by Swiss mountain guide Hans Gmoser, who founded the company Canadian Mountain Holidays, which has grown to be the largest heliskiing visitor in the world (Canadian Mount Holidays, due north.d.).  Today, there are close to 20 helicopter skiing companies in BC, which represents the largest concentration of commercial operations in the world (HeliCat Canada, n.d.).

Snowcat skiing is alpine skiing accessed by travelling to the top of the ski surface area in a snowcat (an enclosed cab vehicle on tracks). Equally with heliskiing, this action also has its commercial roots in BC. Snowcat skiing was pioneered in 1975 past Selkirk Wilderness Skiing equally an culling to both lift-serviced and helicopter-accessed riding and skiing (Selkirk Wilderness Skiing, n.d.).  It is typically a guided activity due to the avalanche risk associated with the terrain. Every bit with heliskiing, snowcat skiers have the selection of choosing single-day or multi-mean solar day vacation packages. During the winter of 2015, there were eleven established snowcat skiing operations in BC (HeliCat Canada, due north.d.).

Spotlight On: Avalanche Canada

This arrangement provides public avalanche forecasts and didactics for any backcountry travellers venturing into avalanche terrain. This vital service is provided to the public gratuitous of charge, as Avalanche Canada is a not-for-profit society dedicated to a vision of eliminating avalanche injuries and fatalities in Canada. In improver to the website, it provides grooming programs and shares safe best do. For more than information, visit Avalance Canada: http://world wide web.avalanche.ca

Guides for these operations are typically certified by either the Association of Canadian Mountain Guides (ACMG) or the Canadian Ski Guide Association (CSGA). Both organizations assess the guides for their expertise in technical skills, avalanche forecasting, risk management and emergency response earlier issuing certification. The process is extensive and rigorous, taking much fourth dimension and commitment for guides to go fully certified.

Spotlight On: HeliCat Canada

Based in Revelstoke, BC, HeliCat Canada is an industry organization that represents heliskiing and snowcat skiing operators in Canada.  It provides regulation, advocacy, and marketing for the operators. Since 1978, the organization has worked closely with government and manufacture to develop operations guidelines. For more than data, visit Helicat Canada: world wide web.helicatcanada.com

Off-Road Recreational Vehicles

An off-route recreational vehicle (ORV) is any vehicle designed to be driven off route that is non included within any other vehicle classification framework. This includes snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), and dirt bikes (British Columbia Ministry building of Forest, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, 2014). ORV use is recognized equally a considerable contributor to the BC economy, attributable primarily to recreational users, but also from tourist visits.

Figure 5.4 Snowmobiles ready for their riders near Golden, BC

Recreational snowmobiling in BC is represented by the British Columbia Snowmobile Federation (BCSF).The BCSF's mandate is to represent recreational snowmobile clubs through advocacy, education, and stewardship (BCSF, north.d.). Commercial snowmobiling is represented past the British Columbia Commercial Snowmobile Operators Association (BCCSOA), a group of snowmobile bout operators who have mobilized to support marketing, product development, and authorities advocacy initiatives (BCCSOA, n.d.).

ORV apply has long been the subject of conflict betwixt non-motorized and motorized recreational users of the wilderness. Non-motorized users claim that motorized users negatively touch on the wilderness through noise pollution and ecology harm by degrading trails and scaring wildlife (Webster, 2013).  Recently, wilderness tourism operators who concur Crown state tenure to operate in remote areas have complained that ORVs negatively bear upon their visitors' experiences. Some of these conflicts may now be mitigated through the implementation of the Off-Road Vehicle Human activity, which was passed in 2014.  This Human activity requires mandatory registration of ORVs, and includes elements that promote safety, enforcement of regulations, education, and outreach (British Columbia Ministry Wood, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, 2014).

Invitee Ranchers and Hunting Outfitters

Guest and Dude Ranches

Guest ranches and dude ranches offering personal and home-like vacation experiences centered on horseback riding and an accurate ranch feel. These operators typically offer accommodation in a ranch-type environment, and include as part of the experience the opportunity to participate in ranch activities such every bit horse riding and cattle wrangling. Other services and activities may also be bachelor, such as spa treatments, hiking, canoeing, and angling (BC Guest Ranchers Association, n.d.).

Spotlight On: The British Columbia Guest Ranchers Association

The British Columbia Invitee Ranchers Association (BCGRA) represents guest and dude ranch operators in the province. Information technology serves and represents its members through cooperative marketing, advertising, evolution of operational standards, and member pricing on liability insurance plans (BCGRA, n.d.). For more information, visit the British Columbia Invitee Ranchers Association website: http://www.bcguestranches.com

A 2011 study of guest ranches past Tourism BC plant that there were 57 operating ranches in the province. Most of these were small-scale operations with one to five employees and serving fewer than one,000 clients per year (Tourism BC, 2011a). There are likewise large operations such every bit the Hills Health Guest Ranch located near 100 Mile House, which tin arrange hundreds of guests at one time. The ranch features a total on-site spa and 2 dining rooms, and hosts a multitude of special events each year. Two other examples of unique guest ranch operations are the Siwash Lake Ranch in s-central BC, a "loftier-stop" exclusive resort featuring executive-chef prepared meals, and the Echo Valley Ranch and Spa in the BC interior, offering an alternative therapy spa and gold-panning excursions.

Hunting Outfitters

Hunting is a traditional recreational activity in BC, and it is also ane of the original tourism products in the province (GOABC, n.d.). BC is fortunate to accept a vast amount of wilderness available for hunting activities.  The exact size of the hunting market place is hard to quantify, merely in 2003, a study found that five,000 not-resident hunting licences were sold in BC, contributing $46 million to the provincial economy (CTC, 2012).

Some people choose cocky-guided hunting activities, but to hunt sure species, a guide outfitter must exist hired. Guide outfitters are licensed past the BC Regime to provide commercial hunting services for not-residents. This commercial hunt service directly employs more than two,000 BC residents and generates approximately $116 1000000 in economic action annually (GOABC, n.d.). Many of these outfitters are small family operations  based in rural areas; they are a source valuable economic activity in areas with express resources (GOABC, n.d.).

Spotlight On: Guide Outfitters Clan of BC

Guide Outfitters Association of BC (GOABC) was established in 1966 to promote and preserve the interests of guide outfitters who take hunters out into wild animals habitat. GOABC is also the publisher of Mountain Hunter magazine. Its website outlines a lawmaking of carry and standards for guide outfitters as well as a wildlife DNA collection program to help provide insight into animate being populations. For more data, visit the Guide Outfitters Association of BC website: http://www.goabc.org

Cycling

Cycling is a popular recreational activity in BC cheers to a diverseness of terrain, spectacular scenery, and favourable weather condition conditions, with approximately 44% of residents participating each year (Tourism BC, 2013). Cycling also attracts out-of-province visitors. I report from 2008 reported that out of v.6 million Canadians who travelled to BC over a two-twelvemonth period, almost one one thousand thousand (17%) had participated in a cycling action (Tourism BC, 2009).

Spotlight On: Cycling Destinations

Several BC destinations take developed cycling as a key tourism product. For case, the Salt Spring Island grouping Island Pathways helped make the island more cycle-friendly in contempo years by installing bike racks, developing a map with bike routes, encouraging local transportation to accommodate bikes, and establishing local wheel rentals and service. For more than information, visit Table salt Spring Island Cycling: http://www.saltspringtourism.com/cycling/

Another great instance of cycling tourism is the Kettle Valley Railway in the Okanagan, built on an abased railbed. This 600-kilometre trail network includes a multitude of tunnels and trestles, and is near oftentimes travelled by cycling. Sections of the trail arrangement are also now included in the Trans Canada Trail. For more data, visit the Kettle Valley Railway website: http://www.kettlevalleyrailway.ca/

Cycling can be generalized into two styles: route cycling and mount biking.

Route cycling appeals to those who want to travel on paved roads on bikes designed for travelling long distances efficiently and effectively. Road cycling may refer to racing, both recreational and professional, or cycle touring, where cyclists travel by bike on single- or multi-day trips. Given the multitude of rolling hills, mountain passes, and stunning vistas, BC is regarded as a premier bicycle touring destination (Destination BC, 2014b).

Figure 5.5 Cyclists in activeness

Mount biking generally involves riding on unpaved routes and trails either specially designed for biking or for multipurpose use. BC's reputation equally a prime mount biking destination has grown because of the unique array of trails bachelor, ranging from the steep, challenging routes of Vancouver'due south North Shore, to the loftier alpine cross-country routes found in the South Chilcotin Mountains (Tourism BC, 2011b).

Accept a Closer Expect: Mountain Bike Tourism

The written report Tourism Essentials Guide: Mountain Bike Tourism is a valuable resource for operators or communities seeking to develop or promote mount biking tourism in their area. It tin be establish at Tourism Essentials Guide: Mountain Bike Tourism [PDF]: http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Programs/Guides-Workshops-and-Webinars/Guides/Tourism-Business-Essentials-Guides/TBE-Guide-Mountain-Biking-May2011.pdf.aspx

Over the years, mountain biking has grown from existence a fringe activeness to a mainstay of the tourism economic system. In fact, the growth potential of mountain biking is so highly regarded that the BC Regime at present considers it every bit one of the peak growth areas in the outdoor take chances sector (Tourism BC, 2011b).

Indeed, numerous mountain winter resorts such as Whistler Blackcomb, Silverstar, and Kicking Horse have developed mountain biking trail infrastructure and lift-accessed biking to provide off-season activities. World-class mount biking races such as the Exam of Metal and the BC Bicycle Race bring thousands of riders through pocket-sized communities for mountain biking. The economic touch of these events is significant. Over the course of a unmarried four-month flavour in the Sea-to-Sky Corridor in 2006 (including the communities of Northward Vancouver, Squamish, and Whistler), the economic contribution of mountain biking to local economies was $10.iii million (Western Canada Mountain Bike Tourism Clan, 2006).

Spotlight On: Exam of Metal and GranFondo

2 major wheel races bring significant visitors to the Sea-to-Sky Corridor.  The Test of Metal, held in Squamish, has sold out every yr since 1998, and brings upward of 1,000 mountain bikers into the area for a one-solar day event each June. For more than information, visit The Test of Metal: http://testofmetal.com/. The GranFondo Whistler is a road biking race from Vancouver to Whistler that at present attracts upward of 7,000 participants each twelvemonth. For more data, visit The GranFondo: http://granfondowhistler.com

Spotlight On: Western Canada Mount Bike Tourism Association

Western Canada Mountain Bike Tourism Clan (MBTA) is a not-for-turn a profit organization working toward establishing BC, and Western Canada, every bit the world'southward foremost mountain bike tourism destination. It has hosted a symposium on mount bike tourism and works with Bike Parks BC to ensure terrain development. For more information, visit the Mountain Bike Tourism Clan website: http://www.mbta.ca/

Camping and Hiking

In 2012, over 19.3 million people visited BC provincial parks, including 16.8 million day visitors, many of whom used the parks for hiking and exploration in addition to picnics, swimming, and other outdoor activities. Of these visitors, two.3 million were overnight campers, generating $xv.5 million in user fees, with an average guest satisfaction rating of 82% (BC Parks, 2012). As discussed in Affiliate 3, there are likewise a number of private camping providers in the province.

Wildlife Viewing

Given the diversity and richness of our natural environment, it is not surprising that there is a thriving wildlife viewing industry in BC. This includes whale, bird, and behave watching equally well as travelling to view the northern lights or tall flowers (CTC, 2007). One study conducted by the Canadian Tourism Commission established that within BC, approximately 37% of tourists took function in wildlife viewing while visiting. Significantly, for 13% of visitors, the primary motivation for their travel to BC was wildlife viewing (CTC, 2007).

Spotlight On: Wilderness Tourism Clan of British Columbia

The Wilderness Tourism Clan of British Columbia (WTA) provides industry support and advancement for those operators offer nature-based tourism products. For more data, visit the Wilderness Tourism Clan of BC website: world wide web.wilderness-tourism.bc.ca

Whale watching occurs forth the coast of BC, with tours sometimes leaving from major urban centres, but more than commonly from smaller communities such as Telegraph Cove on northern Vancouver Isle. Tours are typically by boat, on vessels ranging from open up, 10-rider Zodiacs, to comfy cabin cruisers with within seating. The most commonly observed whale is the orca, i of the province's most distinctive animals. Other whales similar the humpback, minke, and Pacific grey are also frequently encountered. The province's vast diversity of marine life is a primal allure of the tours; in addition to whale watching, a typical tour may come across bald eagles, bounding main lions, porpoises, and a variety of sea birds (Destination BC, 2014,d).

Take a Closer Await: Mammal Viewing Guidelines

Marine mammal viewing in Canada has grown in popularity to the point where the federal authorities has established marine wild fauna viewing guidelines. These establish parameters such as safe viewing distances and time limits. For more data, visit the marine wildlife viewing guidelines: http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/species-especes/mammals-mammiferes/view-observer-eng.html

Bear viewing — whether for black bears, grizzly bears, or the rare kermode bear — is likewise popular. Blackness bears are common across all regions of BC. Grizzly bears are more likely to be found in remote and mountainous regions; they take an estimated population in the province of approximately 16,000. Kermode bears, also called spirit bears, are a subspecies of black bears with a genetic trait that produces white fur instead of black. They are institute primarily in the Great Bear Rainforest of the Central Declension, and effigy prominently in the spiritual traditions of BC'south Littoral Offset Nations. The spirit comport is also BC's official animal (Destination BC, 2014a).

Figure 5.6 A bear in Bute Inlet, BC

Tourism operators that offer carry viewing typically operate in remote regions of BC. They may utilize raised viewing areas or operate from a gunkhole-based platform, and offer adaptation at night. The season is typically limited to May through Oct, with the highest chances of viewing success during the salmon spawning season in the fall.

Spotlight On: Commercial Acquit Viewing Association of BC

Bear viewing is a complex activity with potential for physical risk to visitors and impacts to the bears. The Commercial Bear Viewing Association of BC (CBVA) sets standards for operators offering conduct viewing. For more information, visit the Commercial Conduct Viewing Association website: http://www.bearviewing.ca

Now that nosotros've explored some of the cardinal land-based tourism and recreational experiences in BC, let'south plow to the water.

Water-Based Recreation and Tourism

H2o-based recreation and tourism in BC is all-encompassing and varied. The coastline of more than 25,000 kilometres in length provides ideal opportunities for recreation and tourism (BC Run a risk, northward.d.).  Activities include scuba diving, gunkhole tours, sport fishing, paddle sports, and more than. Following is an overview of a few core h2o-based activities offered past BC tourism operators, as well as a brief description of their economic contributions and related industry organizations.

Figure 5.7 Kayakers waiting near whitewater rapids

Scuba Diving

BC waters offering scuba defined a rich diverseness of marine life such every bit giant Pacific octopuses, wolf eels, sixgill sharks, soft corals, and deject sponges. Every bit well, a variety of dive sites are bachelor, including marine parks, protected natural areas, sunken naval vessels, artificial reefs, historic wrecks, and even a submerged fuselage of a Boeing 737 airliner (Swoop Industry Association of BC, north.d.).

A 2004 study conducted by the Dive Industry Clan of BC found that the swoop industry in BC consisted of 116 operators offering services to tourists and residents alike. The many segments of the industry include manufacturers, distributers, dive charters, dive shops, and instructional centres. The study estimated that gross revenues from this industry at $15 million, although this number failed to business relationship for other indirect spending such every bit trip-related accommodation and transportation. Information technology is probable that the actual economic value of this subsector is actually significantly larger (Ivanova, 2004).

Spotlight On: Dive Industry Association of British Columbia

Established in 2002, the Dive Industry Association of British Columbia (DIABC) is a non-for-profit that represents and supports the recreational diving manufacture in BC. Funded in part by matching donations from Destination BC, their diverse membership includes dive shops, tour operators, and individual dive guides. For more information, visit the Dive Industry Clan of BC: http://diveindustrybc.com

Sport Line-fishing and Lodges

There is a long and rich history of sport fishing in BC. Anglers are drawn to the province'due south tidal waters (for salmon and halibut) and to freshwater rivers and lakes (for trout, steelhead, and sturgeon). The annual rate of recreational participation is pregnant; a 2009 study estimated that at that place are most 600,000 anglers (either fresh or saltwater) in any given year in BC (Tourism BC, 2009). Furthermore, non-resident anglers contributed nigh $6 meg past way of licensing fees, and an additional $46 million in not-fishing expenditures to the economy of BC. The British Columbia Fishing Resorts and Outfitters Clan (BCFROA) represents commercial freshwater resorts and outfitters and delivers advocacy, conservation, and marketing efforts on behalf of its members (BCFROA, north.d.).

Paddle Sports

River rafting, canoeing, sea kayaking, and standup paddle boarding (SUP) are common activities for both recreationists and tourists alike in BC.  Collectively, these sports fall under the paddle sports category, which encompasses any action that takes place in modest boats propelled by paddles (Education Scotland, n.d.).  Although all paddle sports are popular recreational activities, ii of the more sizable and commercially productive paddle sports subsectors are river rafting and sea kayaking.

River rafting operators tin can be plant on many rivers beyond BC. Product offerings may range from a iii-hour adrenaline-fuelled tour on the famous Fraser River to a 14-mean solar day wilderness exploration down the UNESCO World Heritage Tatshenshini-Alsek Rivers in northern BC.  These trips consist primarily of iii types of rafting: paddle rafting, motorized rafting, and bladder trips (Destination BC, n.d.).

Commercial rafting in BC is represented past the British Columbia River Outfitters Clan (BCROA), which acts as a regulatory and marketing organization for river rafting in the province. Guides are required to be certified at one of three levels: guide, senior guide, or trip leader.  Each river in BC that is commonly rafted has an extensive set of safety requirements called "provisions" listed by the BCROA. These provisions ready out the minimum level of guide required, acceptable water levels ranges, and type of equipment needed for each river excursion (BCROA, n.d.).

Effigy 5.8 A rafting trip with Canadian Outback Adventures and Events near Squamish, BC

A 2005 study conducted by Tourism BC identified 59 operators offering river rafting trips in the province. With an boilerplate of v.5 employees, these operations are typically modest in comparison to other industry subsectors. Collectively, however, they provided services to 216,000 customers and contributed virtually $fifteen million in gross revenues to the BC economy in 2005. The same report also indicated that up to 75% of participants had travelled to join in the action, indicating that they tin can predominantly exist classified as gamble tourists (Tourism BC, 2007a).

Sea kayaking in BC has grown into a sizable recreational and commercial industry in recent years. The province is highly regarded internationally for its long coastline punctuated by many inlets and fjords. Kayaking trips may exist as curt every bit an afternoon harbour tour, or as long as a seven-solar day wilderness exploration to the remote regions of Vancouver Island. Noteworthy areas for sea kayakers include Pacific Rim National Park on western Vancouver Island, Johnstone Strait on northern Vancouver Island, and Gwaii Haanas National Park in Haida Gwaii.

A 2005 report entitled British Columbia's Bounding main Kayaking Sector identified more than 114 operators offering rentals, instruction, day tours, or multi-mean solar day tours.  These operators reported gross revenues of approximately $14 million in 2005 (Tourism BC, 2005a).

Spotlight On: The Body of water Kayak Guides Alliance of BC

Commercial operators offer tours are represented by the Body of water Kayak Guides Alliance of BC (SKGABC), which represents more than 600 private and visitor members working in the commercial body of water kayaking industry. Information technology provides operating standards, guide certification, advocacy, and regime liaison services for its members. For more information, visit the Sea Kayak Guides Brotherhood of BC website: world wide web.skgabc.com

Trends and Issues

As shown throughout this affiliate, recreation, outdoor recreation, and take a chance tourism play predominant roles in the tourism and hospitality manufacture in BC. Still, there are challenges that impact the viability of this sector, too as barriers that limit the growth. These topics are discussed briefly here.

Land Use

Access to wilderness areas for tourism operators is an ongoing claiming. Some zones beyond the province are set up aside for recreation, such as provincial and national parks. However, when information technology comes to conducting commercial operations in these same places, gaining access often involves an extensive permitting procedure that may impose restrictions on the type of activeness and the number of visitors allowed.

In addition, parks are generally limited to non-motorized activities, thus presenting barriers for tourism operators that seek to offer mechanized recreation. Operators using Crown land for commercial activities too require authorisation from the provincial government; in some instances, priority may be given to resources extraction or development. The permitting procedure can exist onerous and fourth dimension consuming, which for small operators, may be a bulwark to growth (Wilderness Tourism Association, 2005).

Ecology issues are discussed in detail in Affiliate x.

Environmental Impacts

Figure five.9 "Absolutely nothing is allowed here"

Environmental impacts from climate change, deforestation, and resources extraction all have significant potential to bear on this sector of the tourism economy. On a local scale, competition with resources extraction for wilderness areas is a vital issue; without reliable access to pristine wilderness, many operators are facing threats to their sustainability (Wilderness Tourism Association, 2005).  Indeed, conflicts with the oil and gas industry, forestry, and mining are constant management challenges for wilderness tourism operators. On a global calibration, climatic change threatens tourism in BC in many ways, including irregular and insufficient snowfall for wintertime operations, the pine beetle epidemic sweeping through the province's forests, and climate-related stress impacting prime number wildlife viewing of species such as whales and bears. Environmental issues are discussed in particular in Chapter 10: Environmental Stewardship.

Run a risk Management

Concerns over risk management and litigation are ongoing for any operator that offers activities with an element of run a risk. When lawsuits in adventure tourism occur, they are often extensively publicized by the media, creating a perception of risky, dangerous, and irresponsible adventure operators. This tin can negatively bear upon the sector through rising insurance rates, increasing governmental regulation, challenging certification requirements, and permitting difficulties when interfacing with land direction agencies.

With the popularity of backcountry skiing, snowboarding, snowmobiling, snowshoeing, and other winter sports on the rise in BC, the number of participants accessing backcountry areas is increasing (Mitsui, 2013). This is condign a concern for long-time backcountry enthusiasts as well every bit safety monitors such as Avalanche Canada. Equally winter and summer backcountry equipment becomes more readily accessible, people are able to equip themselves without having received avant-garde condom training.

The increase of backcountry users volition continue to expose users to possible dangerous situations. The all-time scenario is to ensure users receive proper training and educational activity before they venture into the backcountry areas.

Other elements of gamble and liability are discussed further in Chapter 11.

Conclusion

Despite some of the challenges faced by recreation, outdoor recreation, and run a risk tourism, the industry every bit a whole remains an exciting, dynamic, and growing sector of the BC tourism economic system. Employment opportunities abound, and the potential for economic contribution to the province, protection of wilderness areas, and diversification of rural economies away from resource extraction are exciting prospects. BC is uniquely positioned to maintain positive growth in this area, contingent upon government support to address the barriers and challenges listed to a higher place. Students looking to develop professionally in this field should strive to proceeds both easily-on experience in a specialized activeness, and a strong tourism focused education; this combination volition offering the best take a chance to open doors to a long-term career in this exciting industry.

At present that we sympathize the importance of recreation to the tourism industry, especially in BC, let'south explore Affiliate six, which looks at entertainment, the other half of this industry classification.

• Adventure tourism: outdoor activities with an element of adventure, usually somewhat physically challenging and undertaken in natural, undeveloped areas
• Association of Canadian Mount Guides (ACMG): Canada's but internationally recognized guiding association, offering a range of certifications
• Avalanche Canada: a not-for-profit society that provides public avalanche forecasts and education for backcountry travellers venturing into avalanche terrain, dedicated to a vision of eliminating avalanche injuries and fatalities in Canada
• British Columbia Golf Marketing Brotherhood: a strategic alliance representing 58 regional and destination golf resorts in BC with the goal of having BC achieve recognition nationally and internationally as a leading golf destination
• British Columbia Guest Ranchers Association (BCGRA): an arrangement offering marketing opportunities and development support for BC'south guest ranch operators
• British Columbia Snowmobile Federation (BCSF): an organization offering snowmobile patrol services, lessons on operations, and advocating for the maintenance of riding areas in BC
• Canada Westward Ski Areas Clan (CWSAA): founded in 1966 and headquartered in Kelowna, BC, CWSAA represents ski areas and industry suppliers and provides authorities and media relations as well as safety and chance direction expertise to its membership
• Canadian Ski Guide Clan (CSGA): founded in British Columbia, an organization that runs a training establish for professional guides, and a carve up non-profit organisation representing CSGA guide and operating members
• Commercial Acquit Viewing Association of BC (CBVA): promoters of best practices in sustainable viewing, grooming, and certification for guides, and advocating for country use practices.
• Destination mountain resorts:big-scale mountain resorts where the draw is the resort itself; commonly the resort offers all services needed in a tourism destination
• Dive Industry Clan of BC: a marketing and advancement organisation protecting the interests of divers, dive shops, guides, dive instructors, and diving destinations in BC
• Guide Outfitters Association of BC (GOABC): established in 1966 to promote and preserve the interests of guide outfitters, who take hunters out into wild fauna habitat; publishers of Mount Hunter magazine
• Nature-based tourism: tourism activities where the motivator is immersion in the natural environment; the focus is often on wildlife and wilderness areas
• Off-road recreational vehicle (ORV): whatever vehicle designed to travel off of paved roads and on to trails and gravel roads, such every bit an ATV (all-terrain vehicle) or Jeep
• Outdoor recreation: recreational activities occurring outside; generally in undeveloped areas
• Outdoor Recreation Council of BC (ORC): a not-for-profit organisation that promotes the benefits of outdoor recreation, represents the community to government and the general public, advocates and educates about responsible land apply, provides a forum for exchanging information, and connects different outdoor recreation groups
• Recreation: activities undertaken for leisure and enjoyment
• Regional mountain resorts: minor resorts where the focus is on outdoor recreation for the local communities; may besides draw tourists
• Body of water Kayak Guides Brotherhood of BC: representing more than 600 members in the commercial body of water kayaking industry, providing operating standards, guide certification, advocacy, and regime liaison services
• Western Canada Mountain Bike Tourism Association (MBTA): a not-for-profit system working toward establishing BC, and Western Canada, as the world'south foremost mountain bike tourism destination
•  Wilderness Tourism Association (WTA): an organization that advocates for over 850 nature-based tourism operators in BC, placing a priority on protecting natural resources for connected enjoyment past visitors and residents alike

1. Compare and contrast the terms recreation, outdoor recreation, and take a chance tourism. How can we differentiate betwixt each of these terms?
2. Do you believe that ORV tourism operators should exist considered nature-based tourism? Explain.
3. What is the divergence betwixt a regional mountain resort and a destination mount resort?
4. Of the smaller subsectors of tourism economy discussed in this chapter, name three that are commonly establish in small, rural communities. What is their significance to the local community?
5. Name a well-known destination for mountain biking in BC. What is the attraction of that area?
6. Why is backcountry skiing/snowboarding sometimes considered a risky activeness? Explicate. How can these risks be mitigated?
7. Listing 3 industry organizations described in this chapter that stand for outdoor tourism subsectors. What general services do they offer to those they correspond?
8. What unique advantages does BC offer for recreation, outdoor recreation, and chance tourism?
9. Review the department Trends and Issues. What suggestions would you give to the BC Government to support tourism in this subsector?

BC has long been romanticized equally a destination that is intrinsically linked to recreation and nature; and our tourism product has traditionally relied on outdoor assets and the promotion of recreation.

In belatedly 2014, Destination British Columbia launched a video and set of corresponding marketing materials that sought to expand on the "Super, Natural" brand hope for the province.

Lookout the video hither: "The Wild Within: British Columbia, Canada": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNFrZNjs2ng

On your own or as role of a team, consider the following:

1. What natural elements are being promoted?
2. What recreational activities are featured in the video?
3. Which industry groups or associations are needed to support these activities? Name at least five.
4. What are the advantages of promoting BC'due south natural elements equally a pillar of marketing campaigns?
5. What are the disadvantages? How might these be mitigated?

After answering these questions, come up up with a quick blueprint for a marketing piece that profiles one recreational activeness in your local community. This could exist a webpage, a brochure, an app, a poster, or some other marketing piece. Be sure to visit the Destination BC make website to make sure your ideas fit in with "The Wild Within" concept and brand: http://www.destinationbc.ca/Resources/british-columbia-tourism-brand.aspx

References

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BC Fishing Resorts and Outfitters Clan. (north.d.). About BCFROA. Retrieved from: http://bcfroa.ca/about-bcfroa

BC Guest Ranchers Association. (n.d.).Requirements.  Retrieved from: www.bcguestranches.com

BC Parks. (2012). 2011/2012 Statistics Study. [PDF] Retrieved from http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/research/statistic_report/statistic_report_2012.pdf

British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations. (2014). Off-Road Vehicle Act. Retrieved from: https://world wide web.leg.bc.ca/40th2nd/1st_read/gov13-1.htm

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Canadian Tourism Commission. (2007). TAMS 2006-Canadian activity profile: Wild fauna viewing while on trips. [PDF] Retrieved from: http://en-corporate.canada.travel/sites/default/files/pdf/Research/Production-knowledge/TAMS/Canadian%20Travellers%20Outdoor%20Activity/CDN_Wildlife_Viewing_en.pdf

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Swoop Industry Association of BC. (due north.d.). Well-nigh u.s.a.. Retrieved from: www.diveindustrybc.com

Instruction Scotland. (northward.d.). Paddlesports. Retrieved from: http://www.educationscotland.gov.great britain/learningteachingandassessment/approaches/outdoorlearning/healthandsafety/guides/activityguidance/paddlesports.asp

Guide Outfitters Clan of BC. (due north.d.).Economical contribution. Retrieved from: www.goabc.org/economic-contribution.aspx

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Ivanova, I. (2004). Recreational diving in British Columbia survey report. [PDF] Retrieved from: http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Research/Inquiry-past-Activity/Water-based/Recreational_Scuba_Diving_in_British_Columbia-sflb.pdf.aspx

Mitsui, E. (2013). Popularity of backcountry skiing worries some in industry. CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/popularity-of-backcountry-skiing-worries-some-in-industry-i.1313223

Outdoor Recreation Council of BC. (2014). About Us. Retrieved from: http://orcbc.ca/about_mission.htm

Porteus, Due south. (March 6, 2013). The growing business concern of the backcountry. BC Business organisation. Retrieved from: www.bcbusiness.ca/tourism-culture/the-growing-business organization-of-the-backcountry

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Strategic Networks, Inc. (2009). Economic impact for golf game in Canada. [PDF] Retrieved from:  http://world wide web.pgaofcanada.com/Userfiles/SNG_NAGA_Impact%20GolfCanada_2009_KeyFindings_EN_Issued%20Aug17_09(1).pdf

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Tourism BC. (2005b). Characteristics of commercial nature-based tourism industry in British Columbia [PDF]. Retrieved from:  http://www.destinationbc.ca/getattachment/Enquiry/Enquiry-by-Activity/Land-based/Economic_Impacts_of_Commercial_Nature-Based_Tourism_Report-sflb.pdf.aspx

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Attributions

Figure v.1 Up and over by Ruth Hartnup is used nether a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Figure 5.2 Row Your Boat past Matt Hosford is used under a CC-Past ii.0 license.

Effigy 5.3 Blackcomb by Jeff Wilcox is used nether a CC-BY ii.0 license.

Figure 5.iv Snowmobiling by Shazron is used under a CC-Past ii.0 license.

Figure 5.5 Cyclists past Jason Sager is used under a CC-BY-SA 2.0 license.

Effigy 5.6 A bear in Bute Inlet, BC past John Critchley is used under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Figure 5.7Waiting in line by Ruth Hartnup is used under a CC-BY 2.0 license.

Figure 5.8 Rafting Adventure in Squamish, BC past Raj Taneja is used nether a CC-By-NC 2.0 license.

Effigy five.nine Admittedly Cipher is Immune Here by Vicki & Chuck Rogers is used under a CC-By-NC-SA 2.0 license.

wilsmoreocked1952.blogspot.com

Source: https://opentextbc.ca/introtourism/chapter/chapter-5-recreation/

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